Sections:

• Welcome
• American History
• European History
• Latin American History
• African History

Topics for this Section:

• The Development of Native American Culture to 1500
  1. Introduction
  2. Changes over Time: 10,000 BC to 1200 AD
  3. Summary
  4. Native North Americans on the Eve of European Contact
• European Exploration and Early Settlement 1492-1700
  1. Introduction
  2. European Exploration: 1492�1565
  3. Early Colonization and Initial Areas of Control: 1565-1690
  4. North America in 1700
• The Struggle for Colonial Control of North America 1689-1763
  1. Introduction
  2. The Struggle for Colonial Control of North America: 1689�1763
  3. Summary
• Population and Diversity in America: the Colonial Period
  1. Introduction
  2. European Settlement: 1700�1780
  3. American Diversity: ca. 1750
  4. Summary
• Native American Tribes 1783
• The American Revolution
  1. Introduction
  2. The American Revolution
  3. Summary
• Constitutionalism
  1. Introduction
  2. Government and Land Claims: 1783
  3. Ratification of the National Constitution: 1787-1790
  4. Summary
• Status of Slavery in Original 13 States
• Territorial Expansion of the United States 1783-1853
  1. Introduction
  2. Territorial Expansion of the United States: 1783�1853
  3. Summary
• Alaska and Hawaii
• Journeys of Lewis & Clark : 1804-1806
• The War of 1812
  1. Introduction
  2. The War of 1812
  3. Summary
• Jackson's Campaigns in Florida 1818
• Territory ceded by Spain 1810-1819
• Texas 1836
• The Mexican War
  1. Introduction
  2. The Mexican War
  3. Summary
• Oregon Country 1843-1848
• The Spread of Cotton and of Slavery 1790-1860
  1. Introduction
  2. The Spread of Cotton: 1790�1860
  3. The Spread of Slavery: 1790�1860
  4. The Spread of Cotton and Slavery
  5. The Economics of Cotton
  6. Summary
• Compromises Over Slavery
  1. Introduction
  2. The Missouri Compromise: 1820
  3. The Compromise of 1850: The Status of Slavery
  4. Summary
• Gadsden Purchase and Proposed Rail Routes 1853
• The Political Revolution of the 1850s
  1. Introduction
  2. The Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854
  3. Congressional Elections: 1850�1858
  4. Summary
• The Presidential Election of 1860
  1. Introduction
  2. The Presidential Election of 1860 by County
  3. Electoral Vote by State: 1860
  4. Comparison of County and State Data
  5. Summary
• The U.S. Civil War, Part I
  1. Introduction
  2. Secession
  3. Eastern Theater: 1861�1863
  4. Summary
• U.S. Civil War, Part II
  1. Introduction
  2. The Western Theater: 1862-1863
  3. Union Victory
  4. Summary
• Reconstruction
  1. Introduction
  2. Military Districts in the South: 1867
  3. Duration of Radical Governments in the South
  4. Summary
• Industrialization 1870-1930
  1. Introduction
  2. The Changing American Workforce: 1870�1930
  3. World Industrial Production: 1870�1930
  4. Large-Scale Industry in 1900
  5. Summary
• Population and Immigration 1800-1910
  1. Introduction
  2. Population Maps
  3. Foreign-born Population
  4. Graph of Immigration
  5. Summary
• The Political Revolution of the 1890s
  1. Introduction
  2. The Political Revolution of the 1890s
  3. Populist Strength in the Election of 1892
  4. Summary
• Toward Empire: Overseas Expansion 1865-1910
  1. Introduction
  2. Middle America and the Caribbean
  3. The United States in the Pacific
  4. The Great White Fleet
  5. Summary
• World War I
  1. Introduction
  2. The Western Front: 1914
  3. The Western Front: 1915�1918
  4. The War in Eastern Europe and the Middle East
  5. The Colonial War
  6. The United States: From Neutrality to Belligerency
  7. The Financial Cost of the War
  8. Summary
• The Great Depression
  1. Introduction
  2. Stock Prices: 1923�1939
  3. Unemployment: 1925�1945
  4. Unemployment Relief: 1934
  5. Summary
• The Political Revolution of the 1930s
  1. Introduction
  2. The Political Revolution of the 1930s
  3. Summary
• World War II: The Pacific Theater
  1. Introduction
  2. Japanese Expansion to Spring: 1942
  3. The Turning Point: April to December 1942
  4. The U.S. Counterattack: 1943�1945
  5. Summary
• World War II: The European Theater
  1. Introduction
  2. Germany Resurgent
  3. Blitzkrieg: 1939-1940
  4. The Mediterranean Front: 1940-1943
  5. The Eastern Front: 1941-1943
  6. The Western Front: June 1944 to May 1945
  7. The Battle of Normandy and the Breakout: June-July 1944
  8. Summary
• Cholera
  1. Introduction
  2. The Epidemic of 1832
  3. The Epidemic of 1848-49
  4. The Epidemic of 1866
  5. The Epidemic of 1873
• Polio
  1. Introduction
  2. Incidence in the U.S., 1912-1972
• Diphtheria
  1. Introduction
  2. Incidence in the U.S., 1860-1960
• Life Expectancy 1850-2000
  1. Introduction
  2. Life Expectancy Graphs
  3. Review Questions

Introduction

When we hear that the average life expectancy for Americans born in a given year was 40 years, that does not mean people who reached the age of 40 were already �old� and likely to die quite quickly thereafter. To understand actual lives, we need more than simple averages of life expectancy at birth. One way to gain more accurate information is to look at the average life expectancy for those who survived to certain ages. For example, data show that life expectancies for those who survived to the age of five were much higher than the average life expectancy from birth. This indicates that many people died before reaching the age of five, thus significantly lowering the statistical average.

The base graph that follows shows (in ten-year intervals) the average life expectancy for all Americans born from 1850 through 2000. You can then click on the radial buttons below the graph to compare this base graph to several other graphs that will help refine what that basic �average� really meant. For example, clicking on �men at age 5� will show you how much longer a male who was five years old in that year could expect to live. The gap between the life expectancy for a given age and the average life expectancy from birth represents all the people who died before reaching that age, and thus lowered the average life expectancy from birth. The wide gap in 1850, for example, shows that many people died young; the narrowed gap in 2000 shows that far fewer people died young. Starting with the graph for women at birth, the captions will guide you through the graphs, but you are also free to compare any two graphs at any time.